Which motivation theory describes a hierarchy of needs culminating in self-actualization?

• A. Carl Rogers
• B. Sigmund Freud
• C. B. F. Skinner
• D. Abraham Maslow

Answer: (D)

This question tests recognition of a motivation theory that arranges needs in ascending order, ending with self-actualization. Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs where basic physiological needs come first, followed by safety, love/belonging, and esteem, with self-actualization at the top. Self-actualization means realizing one’s full potential through personal growth, creativity, and authentic living. This top stage represents the drive to become the best version of oneself once more basic needs are satisfied.

The other thinkers approach motivation differently: Freud emphasizes unconscious drives and psychosexual development, Skinner focuses on behavior shaped by reinforcement, and Rogers centers on the therapeutic relationship and self-concept rather than a fixed hierarchical progression.